Grammar 2

NOUN

          Noun is a word used to refer to people, animals, objects, substances state, events, and feeling. Noun can be a subject or an object of verb, can be modified by an adjective and can take an article or determiner.

THE FUCNTION OF NOUN:

1. As a subject in the sentence

Mr Billy is a soldier 

2. As an object in the sentence

He goes to the library

There are two general classes of noun in English: proper and common noun.

1. Proper Noun is the name of particular person, place, or thing and it should be capitalized; in addition this kind of noun doesn’t need an article.

-          Jimmy is a student (right)

The Jimmy is a student (wrong) 

-          She is studying in the Saraswati university (wrong)

She is studying in Saraswati University (right )

2. Common Noun is the name applied to a class or to any of class of persons, places, or thongs; in addition it always has an article.

-           I read a newspaper this morning ( right)

I read newspaper this morning ( wrong)

-          We go to buy some pencils ( right )

We go to buy pencils ( wrong)

          In addition to these general classes of nouns there are special classes: abstract noun, concrete noun, collective noun, and compound noun.

1. Abstract Noun, is a noun that names a quality or attitude. It hasn’t has a real form and invisible. The example of this noun as follow: association, application, friendship, confidence, etc. Abstract noun can be form by Verb, Adjective, and noun itself.

a.    By adding suffixes –ance, -ence

Differ = difference

Admit = admittance

Enter = enterance

b.    By adding suffix –y

Deliver = delivery

Injure = injury

Discover = discovery

c.    By adding suffixes –ation , - cation, - ition

Apply = application

Compose = composition

Expect = expectation

d.    By adding suffix – ment

Manage = management

Engage = engagement

Argue = argument

e.    By adding suffix –t

Complain = complaint

f.    By adding suffixes – ion and – tion

Correct = correction

g.    By adding suffix – al

Arrive = arrival

h.    By adding suffix – ure, - ture, - ature

Sign = signature

Furnish = furniture

i.     By adding suffixes – ery an d- ary

Rob= robbery

Bribe = bribery

j.     By adding –er, or, ar, ist , ant , int.

Beg= beggar

Compose = composer

k.    By adding suffix –age

Carry = carriage

Pack = package

l.      By adding suffix –ing

Meet= meeting

Sing = singing

m.   Some abstract has the same form with verb, for example as follows: help, love, brush, call, etc.

2. Noun form by adjective

a.    By adding suffix –ness

Ill= illness

Kind = kindness

b.    By adding suffixes –y, ty, ity

Opportune = opportunity

Beautiful = beauty

c.    Noun word that end by T letter substitute by –ce, or, cy

Distant = distance

3. Noun form from noun it self

a.    By adding suffix –ship

Partner = partnership 

Champion = championship

b.    By adding suffix – hood

Brother = brotherhood

Mother = motherhood

By adding suffixes –cy, ancy, ency

Agent = agency

3. Concrete noun is a noun that names something in material form for example car, silver, iron, umbrella, etc.
4. Collective noun is a noun that is singular in form but names group or collection

Our school has a strong football team 

My class  are studying English now

5. Compound noun is a noun made up of two or more words. Some compound are written as separate word, some are hyphenated and other are written solid as one word, for example as below: father-in-law, businessman, newspaper.

COUNT AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUN

          Common noun are divided into two groups, count and uncountable noun.

1. Countable noun is a noun I which we can make the noun plural, and use number word with the noun, also possible in using an article.

Book= a book = books = two books

Car= a car= 2 cars

2. Uncountable noun is a noun in which we can’t count this nouns and we can’t plural them . uncountable noun divided into some as bellow:

a.    Abstraction : beauty charity, faith

b.    Food: better, cheese, rice

c.    Liquid and gases : beer,blood, coffee

d.    Materials: cement, glass, gold

e.    Natural phenomena : electricity, gravity

f.    Weather words: fog, pollutant, rain

Many uncountable noun can be used as count noun with a predictable shift in meaning to something like “ different kinds of?”

-          The price of gasoline is outrageous ( liquid, uncountable noun )

The station sells three gasolines (different kind of gasoline)

-          Chicken is a healthy meat (food, uncountable noun)

There were a dozen chickens in the yard ( living animal)

          There is also noun modification. The modification of nouns are  gender, person, number and possessive case.

1. Gender

Based on the gender Noun divided into:

-          Masculine gender

-          Feminine gender

-          Common gender

-          Neuter gender

There are three ways of indicating gender in masculine and feminine gender:

a.    By a change of word

Masculine	Feminine
Father	Mother
Brother	Sister
Uncle	Aunt

b.    By the use of suffixes

Baron = baroness

Price = princess

Waiter = waitress

There are also some irregular gender :

Fiancé = fiancée

Hero = heroin

Fox= vixen

c.    By the addition of word

Grand-father= grand-motehr

Manservant= maidservant

Common gender noun is a noun which denote either males or female or both. For example, student, children, teacher , etc

Neuter gender is a noun which names an object without sex. Foe example, river, book, house, mountain,etc.

2. Person, denotes the speaker, the person or the thing spoken to, the thing or person spoken of. There are three classes: first. Second and the third

-          The first person denotes the person speaking

I,Fred Smith, am wiling to go

-          The second person denotes the person or thing spoken to

You, Henry,are selected for the  honor

-          The third person denotes the person or thing spoken of

Our coach is here now; he will help us

3. Number shows whether the noun refers to one or to more than one person,  place, or thing. There are two classes of of number:

-          Singular number, denotes one= three, desk,book

-          Plural number denotes more than one: threes, desks, books

4. Possessive case

There are two ways to make possessive noun:

-          By adding apostrophe”s” at the end of the noun. There are two condition in this case. If the noun is singular by adding (‘s) at the end of the noun, and if the plural word is not end by (s) letter.

The teacher’s pen

The women’s book

-          By adding apostrophe sign only if the plural noun end by (S) letter and the singular end by (S) letter

The boys’ book

Lilis’ car

NOUN PHRASE

A Noun Phrase is a noun together with all of its modifiers, both pre –noun and post-noun, for example,

The tall young man in the yellow jacket

Noun phrase divided into two:

a.    Determiner + noun

My book, this book

b.    Adjective + noun

In adjective noun phrase we have to follow the rule in putting the words to form a phrase. The rule is:

OPINI –ZISE – AGE -  SHAPE - COLOR - MATERIAL-  ORIGINAL – NOUN 

E,g: the great old Indonesian movie

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

          Gerund and infinitives are verb form used as noun. Gerunds are he present participle form of a verb, it is formed by adding –ing to the rude form of verbs.

e.g: -  eating was the last thing in my mind

          swimming is my only real form of exercise

          infinitives are an infinitive( to-verb) used as noun.

e.g: - they expected to win

          to do our best is all that anybody could ask of us

NOUN CLAUSE

          Noun clause are dependent clause that function as noun phrase. Noun clause like gerund and infinitive used as noun, are singular, and thus they can always replaced by third person singular pronoun it. Here are example of noun clause playing the four noun roles of subject.

-          Subject = what they are doing is none of our business 

-          Object = I know what you mean

-          Object of preposition= we worried about where you had gone 

-          Predicate of nominative= the decision was that we will go ahead as we had planed

There are two ways of constructing noun clauses:

-          That clause

-          Wh clauses

That clauses consist of the introductory word that followed by a statement in its normal word order. That + Statement .

-           That clauses cant play the role of object of preposition.

Iam not upset at what you did (right )

I am not upset at that you did ( wrong )

-          That clause as a subject :

That the mistake was not caught earlier was surprising

-          That clause as an object of verb :

We hope that you will be able to have lunch with us

-          That clause as predicate nominative

Her idea was that we would all together tomorrow

Wh clause can play the all four noun roles;

-          Subject

Whatever you want to do is ok with me

-          Object  of verb

They didn’t tell me who you were

-          Object of preposition

After what they had been told, they were no longer sure of anything

-          Predicate nominative

the job is whatever you want to make it of it